helmit ki kamai

history of larkana

History Of Larkana

Larkana or Larkano is the fourth largest city located in the Northwest of Sindh Province, Pakistan. It is located in Larkana District and is a thickly populated city which is growing rapidly. In August 2000, Larkana celebrated its hundredth year of existence.
HistoryLarkana is as old as civilization of Mohenjo-daro that dates back five thousand years. Larkana was renowned for its production of cloth in those days. Its product of cloth was shifted from Moen-Jo-Daro to the rest of countries via water ways, in the mean time the same cloth was used for mummification in Egypt. Thus credit for unparalleled technological advancement of Moen-Jo-Daro goes to its trade of cloth. Aryans had come to Sindh in 2234 B.C. and settled in different part of Sindh, and while crossing Larkana, reached Bhanbhoor. Jhokar-jo-Daro is proof of Aryan visit. Different people came in Sindh but non could eliminate the tradition of Aryans till teachings of Gotam Bodh spread in 480's B.C whose proof is found in Moen-jo-Daro that was a center of worship for Buddhism. Sikandar (i-e Alexander) attacked Sindh in 330 B.C. His forces had crossed little known village as Mahota. It was named by his forces as Maota in Greek. After Greeks Sindh was ruled by Gupt Family from 320 CE to 525 CE. Thus, Chandias were rewarded heavily for their contribution. It was in this period that Larkana was named as Chandka. However, after demise of Jam Nizamuddin, Shah Beg Argon started ruling over Sindh. Larkano city is purely result of Construction of Cannal “Ghaari Wah”. In late 16th century, Kalhoras (also referred now as ABBASI) started their rule. In their rule, Shah Baharo was a ruler of Larkano in Kalhora period Sindhi language rose to its peak, especially in the period of Mian Sarfaraz Ahmed Khan Kalhoro Sahb. After end of Kalhora rule, period of Talpur came and Nawab Wali Mohammad Khan was made Governor of Larkano

In 1843 the English occupied Sindh and divided Sindh in three parts namely Karachi, Hyderabad and Shikarpur. Larkana was the part of Shikarpur and Dadu was part of Larkana. In 1930 Dadu was made a separate district and Larkana got its present shape during Historic movement for Pakistan. Larkanians took active role in movement of Khilafat and Higrat so on the whole Larkana is always been the centre of political activity in Sindh.
www.cssforum.com.pk 

chitral picture movie with national song

HISTORY OF CHITRAL

                                                      STORY OF CHITRAL

The  Early history of Chitral is shrouded in mystery.This mountainous country which was first referred to as Kohistan or land of the mountains was said to be inhabited by a race called "Khows" speaking a separate language Khowar, or language of the Khows. Some people say that it was Khowistan - the abode of the Khows. Separate parts of the country came to be called Torkhow - Upper Khow, Mulkhow - Lower Khow, names which persist to the present day. An early Sanskrit inscription at a village called Barenis (27 miles away from Chitral) of about AD 900 records that the country was Buddhist, under King Jaipal of Kabul. It is believed that Upper Chitral was under Buddhist influence in the past and even today there are a few rocks in Torkhow area known as "Kalandar-i-Bohtni" (Mendicant of Stone). It is a figure of a stupa; the upper part of which has been cut into the figure of Buddha and may be of Chinese origin. No records of this period exist.

Marco Polo, who passed through the Pamirs, referred to the country as Bolor. History relates that first a Chinese army and then an Arab (Mongols?) army invaded Chitral from the north by the Broghal pass when the upper part of the country is said to have been converted to Islam. The southern district remained non-Muslim till very late and were then converted to Islam. A Mongol tribe called Yarkhuns invaded Chitral via the Broghal pass and may have given their name to the Yarkun valley. They were opposed by Somalek, leader of the Khows. Another incursion is attributed to Changez Khan and his Tartars.

  Chitral nevertheless has remained an independent state for centuries with its own culture and language. In the late nineteenth century it became part of British India. It was a princely state in 1947, which acceded to Pakistan in that year. The rule of the Mehtar came to an end in 1954 and power was henceforth exercised by the political agent posted at Chitral. The state was merged into Pakistan in 1969. The recorded history of Chitral is divided into six epochs as follows:

Iranian rule
The Achemeanian Empire of Persia was extended to these regions during 400 BC. Its more than two thousand years since this empire receded but its supremacy was so strongly established that many Persian cultural traits are still in practice in Northern Areas as well as few parts of Chitral. In some valleys surrounding Chitral such as Wakhan, Shaghnan, and upper parts of Chitral people speak Persian language. Even Khowar, which is the native language of the local people (Khow), contains much borrowing from Persian.

Zoroastrianism, an Old Persian religion, has also left behind some of its traces in this area. Traditions also tell about leaving of dead bodies unburied in caves in the wilderness or in the hollow of trees. Such practices were specific in this religion. A festival on 21st March (Nouroz) the first day in Persian calendar still prevails in Chitral. It is celebrated in few valleys every year. (Israr Chitral A historical sketch)

Kushan rule
The Kushan dynasty established its rule in this area in 200 AD. In the second century Kanishka the most powerful emperor of Kushan dynasty had extended his rule all over Northern India, probably as far as south Vindyas and all over the remote region up to Khotan beyond the Pamir pass.

Chinese rule
The Chinese extended their influence in the 4th century AD and remained in power until the 8th century. The rock inscription of Pakhtoridini near Maroi refers to Chinese rule. Another inscription in Barenis refers to the Kushans. According to Sir Aurel Stien, the inscription says that Jivarman ordered to make the pertinent drawing of a stupa. Such rock carvings have created confusion for writers like Buddulph and many others to believe that Chitral formed part of the last Hindu Shahi ruler of Kabul. It's also believed that the northern parts had embraced Islam by the end of 9th century when Arabs defeated Bahman, chief of the country. By the time of withdrawal of Arabs many people had accepted Islam. (Souvenir, 2nd Hindukush Cultural Conference, p.19-21)

Kalash rule
In the 11th century AD southern Chitral was invaded by the Kalash from Afghanistan, who occupied the country as far to the North as Barenis village, while the upper parts were under another chief Sumalik. some Kalash Chiefs Rojawai, such as Nagar Shah and Bala sing ruled Southern Chitral from 11th to 13th centuries A.D.

Rais rule
In the beginning of 11th century Shah Nadir Rais occupied southern Chitral and defeated the Kalash. Shah Nadir Rais extended his dominion from Gilgit to the present southern boundaries of Chitral. Rais family ruled over Chitral for about three hundred years when
Katura family succeeded them.

During the Rais rule in Chitral its boundaries extended from Narsut in the extreme south of the state to Gilgit in the east. The rulers had an effective council of chiefs of the local tribes to run the affairs of the country. The ruler of this family also worked for the dissemination of the teachings of Islam in the state.

There were no regular state forces to defend the state frontiers so the local headmen and chiefs called all the persons of their tribes to fight for the state under the collective defense system. The Mehtar (ruler) had friendly relations with the rulers of surrounding countries. (Baig, Hindu Kush study series vol. two)

Katur rule
The Katur succeeded the Rais dynasty in 1595. Muhtaram Shah I was the founder of Kature rule in Chitral, whose descendants ruled over Chitral until 1969 when the State was merged as a district of NWFP.

During the rule of Amirul Mulk in 1895, Umra Khan the chief of Jandool crossed the Lawari pass and invaded lower Chitral. As a result, there was fierce fighting in which the Mehtar of Chitral and British officers were besieged in Chitral fort for 42 days. Troops from Gilgit and Nowshera came to the rescue of the besieged fort and the British rule was extended over entire Chitral in April 1895. Shuja ul Mulk emerged as the ruler after the war who ruled for 42 years until 1936.

During the Pakistan movement there was a campaign in Chitral in favor of independence. The people backed all India Muslim League and Mehtar Muzafarul Mulk openly declared his backing to the Pakistan movement. In May 1947 H.H. Muzafarul Mulk informed the Viceroy about his intention to join the new state of Pakistan. The accession instrument was signed on November 7, 1947.

http://www.chitralnews.com/History.htm

all sindh historical story

https://www.facebook.com/Sindh-rang-magazine-Daily-jinnah-karachi-1603249676628067/

history of lahor panjab pakistan

HISTORY OF LAHORE  

Lahore A historical perspective
Some places carry the essence of human origin and the geniuses of human growth. Such places become significant for those who like to enjoy the nostalgia of old thoughts. The city of Lahore can truly be regarded as such a place. Having seen so many ups and downs of history and cultures, Lahore in itself is now a whole world carrying a multitude of the past and the willingness to excel in the future. From Rudyard Kipling to Abu-Rehan Al Bairooni, from Victorian era to Mughal era, from buildings and gardens to forts, the diversity of Lahore is some times unbearable, yet the bliss is eternal.

Dating the origin
It is quite difficult to judge the right date of origin and how the name Lahore was originated. There are different traditions carrying totally different origins and explanations. In the old writings we can find different shapes of the name of Lahore, of which some are listed:

L-hore
Loha-war
Laha-wr
Laha-nor
Laha-nahr
Laha-waar
Lo-hoor
La-hore

According to the Hindu mythology the city of Lahore is named after the son of prince Ram chandar whose name was “Loh” and who originated this city (James Taad 1883; Kanhya laal 1882; Sir Richard Temple 1884; Tahqeeq-e-Chisti 1867). There is also a tradition that it was name after “Lohaar chand” who was the nephew of prince Deep chand.
In the written history the oldest book in which we can find Lahore is “ Tareekh-ul-hind” by Abu-Rehan Al Bairooni, who traveled to India in the 11th century. In his book he remembers Lahore as an area not as a city whose capital was “Mandhor kor”. The famous Sufi saint of Lahore Hazrat Data Gunj Buksh who died in Lahore in 1088 A.D has also mentioned the city Lahore in his book “ Kashf-ul-Maajuub”. Abul -Farj who was a poet in the Ghaznavi period has written the name as “Loha-wr”. An Iranian scholar “Tahir Marozi” of 11th century in his book “Nazhat ul Mushtaq Fe Akhteraq ul Affaq” has mentioned Lahore as “ Laha-wr”. Ameer khusro in his masnavi “Quran ul Sadeen” has written the name as “Lao-hore” in 13th century when he portrays the attack of the Mughals.
According to Encyclopedia Britannica the famous Chinese traveler Yowang Chowang has mentioned the city Lahore as the great city of Bahamans.
The Greek geographer Batalemos (Ptolemy) of the second century has mentioned an area “Labokla”. In his maps he has referred a place Kasbeera (Kashmir), near river Badistan (Jehlum) and river Adres (Ravi). Here is a place called Labokla between Attock and Bahami bothra. Wilfred and Kingham both hold the theory of Labokla being the old name of Lahore (The comparative study of India by Wilfred, page 20; the Geography by Kingham, page 225-228). We can conclude the study by the following facts.
Lahore was called by different names in the ancient times. Religious history interprets Lahore as the city created by the son of Ram chandar. The old writings tell us about the origin of a definitive city in the 10th century. There were no Muslim dwellers before the 10th century. The city was of no historical significance before the attacks of Mahmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. Lahore was of great significance in the Mughal era.

Major historical Events
The city has had a turbulent history. It was the capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty from 1163 to 1186. A Mongol army sacked Lahore in 1241. During the 14th century the Mongols repeatedly attacked the city until 1398, when it fell under the control of the Turkic conqueror Timur. In 1524 it was captured by the Mughal Babur's troops. This marked the beginning of Lahore's golden age under the Mughal dynasty, when the city was often the place of royal residence. It was greatly expanded during the reign of Shah Jahan (1628-58) but declined in importance during the reign of his successor, Aurangzeb.

From the death of Aurangzeb (1707), Lahore was subjected to a power struggle between Mughal rulers and Sikh insurrectionists. With the invasion of Nadir Shah in the mid-18th century, Lahore became an outpost of the Iranian empire. However, it soon was associated with the rise of the Sikhs, becoming once more the seat of a powerful government during the rule of Ranjit Singh (1799-1839). After Singh's death, the city rapidly declined, and it passed under British rule in 1849. When the Indian subcontinent received independence in 1947, Lahore became the capital of West Punjab province; in 1955 it was made the capital of the newly created West Pakistan province, which was reconstituted as Punjab province in 1970.
http://lahore.g2gm.com/history.htm

history of KPK pakistan

Ancient history

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), formerly known as the North Western Frontier Province (NWFP), was formally inaugurated as a province in 1902. KPK was home to the ancient civilization of Gandhara, which lasted from 1000 BC to the 11th century AD and it has a long history of conquests by successive invaders.

Gandhara under the Kushans
(Asia Society)

The Aryans began their migration into India around 2000 BC. Coming from the west, these semi-nomadic conquerors entered through KPK and initially settled along the Swat, Gomal, Kurram and Kabul Rivers. Over the course of several hundred years more and more Aryans entered the subcontinent and migrated eastwards into modern day India. The Persians conquered Gandhara in the 6th century BC and made it one of the provinces of the Achaemenid Empire. As a conquered nation, Gandhara gave tribute to the Persian kings.

Stone relief depicting people of Gandhara offering buffalo and weapons to Persian king
(Livius)

In 327 BC Alexander’s army invaded the Indian subcontinent. While Alexander was busy subduing the hill tribes of Swat and Kunar Valleys, his generals entered through the Khyber Pass. Before making his way south, Alexander resided at Taxila where he met a bold young man by the name of Chandragupta Maurya, who was an exiled prince of Magadha (in present day eastern India). According to some accounts, Chandragupta Maurya decided to forge an empire in Alexander’s footsteps. Though Alexander did not stay long in the subcontinent and died shortly afterwards, his reign had a significant impact. Greek culture influenced the culture of this region for a thousand years after. A prominent example of this is the fusion of Indian and Greek art elements that became known as Gandharan art style. After Alexander’s death his general Seleucus claimed the Indian territories.

Mauryan coin 
(PHGCOM)

In 305 BC, Chandragupta Maurya fought Seleucus and emerged triumphant from the power struggle. Chandragupta and his son Bindusara succeeded in bringing most of the Indian subcontinent under the fold of the Mauryan Empire. But it is Ashoka the Great, the third Mauryan Emperor, who is still remembered and honored. After fighting the Kalinga War and seeing the destruction he had caused, Ashoka embraced Buddhism and tried to be a good ruler to his people. Under Ashoka, Buddhism was introduced in Gandhara, which became the hub of Buddhist culture and home of Gandharan Art.

The Mauryan Empire crumbled after the death of Ashoka and soon afterwards the Kushans took over. The Kushans also contributed to the growth of Buddhism in the subcontinent. They ruled over their vast empire from their capital city Peshawar. The decline of the Kushan Dynasty and other brief conquests of KPK made way for the Shahi Dynasty. Hinduism began to take root in the region since most of the later Shahi Kings were Hindus. The Gandharan Civilization was uprooted as Hinduism gradually replaced Buddhism.

KPK embraces Muslim rulers

Even though the Arabs had been in contact with the Pathans since the middle of the 7th century, it was in 1001 AD when Mahmud of Ghazni defeated Jayapala, the last Hindu Shahi King of Gandhara. He then proceeded south to Punjab. His successive campaigns weakened Hindu rule not only in KPK but also in the subcontinent and allowed for the spread of Islam.

A few Pathan tribes opposed the forces of Mahmud of Ghazni in the beginning, but they eventually became his allies, voluntarily embraced Islam and helped him in a number of wars. The Muslims who came to KPK assimilated with the Pathans. The Ghaznavid Empire marked the beginning of a long Muslim rule in the region. It was followed by the Ghaurid Dynasty and the Delhi Sultanate, which consisted of several dynasties.

Under the Mughal Empire

Babar, founder of the Mughal Empire, first entered the subcontinent via the Khyber Pass in 1505 and took Kohat and Bannu before returning to Kabul. His fifth and final march into the continent began in 1525 and a year later he defeated the last Lodhi king before declaring himself the new Emperor of Delhi. Babar united many tribes in KPK, including the Yusufzais, under his banner and led them to many regions in India. He won the hearts of Pathans over a short span of time. A detailed account of the history of KPK can be found in his memoir, Babur-Nama. He paved the way for Mughal rule over this area till the 18th century, with the exception of brief rule under Sher Shah Suri.

After Babar’s death, Humayun succeeded him. But a Pathan named Sher Shah Suri took control of the region from him. Humayun regained the throne fifteen years later and his son Akbar succeeded him. However, Akbar could not conquer all parts of KPK.

Khushal Khan Khattak 
(Muhammad Tahir Kanay)

The tribes of the Yusufzais and Khattaks were engaged in a century long feud. Khushhal Khan Khattak formed an alliance with the Mughals during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. But the Yusufzais were opposed to the Mughal rule in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Shah Jahan appointed Khushhal Khan Khattak the guardian of the king’s highway to Peshawar and confirmed his position as the tribal chief. He even went to the Delhi court and joined them in many campaigns. The Khattaks broke ties with the Mughal Empire during Aurangzeb’s rule due to a conflict with a Mughal governor over toll collection.

In the wake of Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the empire split into competing kingdoms and Nadir Shah, a Persian ruler, gained control over the province with support from the Pathans. One of his renowned successors, Ahmad Shah Abdali, launched several campaigns from the Peshawar Valley into many places across India. Abdali’s reign (1747 – 1772) was temporarily interrupted when the Marathas invaded in the early 1750s, but he succeeded in regaining control over KPK in 1761. The province remained a part of Afghanistan, which had been established as the first Pathan state by Ahmad Shah Abdali, till its conquest by the Sikhs in 1818.

Sikh rule

Fort Bala Hissar, Peshawar 
(Junaid Rao)

The Sikhs invaded Khyber Pakthunkhwa in 1818 under the command of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. They first annexed Dera Ismail Khan and then went on to become masters of the entire province. KPK remained under their rule till the British took hold of the region in the middle of the 19th century.

In 1923 the Sikhs took hold of Peshawar, plundered the city and burned the Bala Hissar Fortress. They razed down numerous architectural monuments, including the Mahabat Khan Mosque. Tribes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were repeatedly assaulted by Sikh armies. This brought the Pathans together to fight against the Sikh. Sayyid Ahmad Shah emerged as the leader of this movement against the Sikhs. He launched many attacks and even managed to snatch Peshawar from the Sikhs for a few months. But unity of the Pathan tribes did not survive for very long and he was defeated in a battle at Balakot.

The Sikhs did make some contributions such as building Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s first planned city known as Haripur. Following Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s death in 1839, the Sikhs fought amongst themselves. Ultimately, the British East India Company took hold of both the province and the Sikh Durbar, which they called Company Bahadur.

Relationship with British

In 1849, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa came under British rule. The British East India Company led many campaigns into areas controlled by the Pathan tribes and secured their confidence. The early British officers played a pivotal role in winning the hearts of the Pathans. So strong was the relationship between the British and the Pathans that during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 many people in Peshawar and surrounding areas supported the British, while the rest of India was mutinous.

Waziristan, however, proved to be a problematic area for the British, just as it had for the Mughals before them who tried to subjugate it. For almost every campaign they led into these tribes, the British suffered many casualties.

Till the late 19th century there was no formal border between Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which was then part of British India. In 1893, after two wars, Sir Mortimer Durand and Abdur Rahman Khan, the amir of Afghanistan, agreed upon an international border that came to be known as the Durand Line. It now separates the Pakistani regions of Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and FATA from Afghanistan.

The governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Lord Curzon, inaugurated the province at Shahi Bagh in 1902, and in 1931 it was elevated to the status of a governor-ruled province. Mirza Ali Khan, a wazir from Waziristan, spearheaded a civil disobedience movement against the British in 1936. The Khilafat and Hijrat movements also took place in the region but were not successful. Another popular freedom movement was launched by Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also known as Bacha Khan, and his brother Dr. Khan Sahib. It was a nonviolent movement and their followers were known as Khudai Khidmatgar or Servants of God. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was granted self-government in 1937.

Post-independence

Bacha Khan 
(Pukhtoons)

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa decided to join Pakistan after independence. Despite boycotting the polls, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, who had been against the partition of India, also decided to give his allegiance to Pakistan during the first session of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly. This was an attempt to develop a stronger relationship with Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

Following independence, the relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan deteriorated after the Afghans refused to recognize the Durand Line. Afghanistan was also in favor of the Pakhtunistan movement, which proposed the creation of a sovereign state for the Pathans. It did not gain much support from the tribes since a growing number of Pathans were becoming part of the Pakistani government. Political ties between Pakistan and Afghanistan have grown increasingly tense ever since. Events in Afghanistan have often affected Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During the Afghan-Soviet war many mujahideen went from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to take part in the fight and afterwards millions of refugees took shelter in the province. Many regions in and around the Durand Line have come under the fold of the War on Terror.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan urged the government to give the province a name that reflects the Pathan identity. It had been known as North West Frontier Province (NWFP) since its inauguration by the British. Pashtunistan was one of the proposed names but it did not get political support as this name had become too controversial. Eventually, in 2010 the province was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Find out more

Books & Articles

Ghaus, Abdul Samad. The Fall of Afghanistan: An Insider’s Account. Washington: Pergamon-Brassey’s International Defense, 1988.

Khattak, Muhammad Aslam Khan, and James W. Spain. A Pathan Odyssey. Karachi: Oxford UP, 2004.

Meyer, William Stevenson. “North-West Frontier Province.” Imperial Gazetteer of India. Vol. 19. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908-1931. 138-221. Digital South Asia Library.

Shāh, Sayed Wiqar Ali. Ethnicity, Islam and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the North-West Frontier Province, 1937-47. Karachi: Oxford UP, 1999.

Shāh, Sayed Wiqar Ali. North-West Frontier Province: History and Politics. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical & Cultural Research, Centre of Excellence, Quaid-i-Azam U, 2007.

Yunas, S. Fida. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, “Pushtunistan” and Afghanistan. Peshawar: n.p., 2003.

Websites

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

http://humshehri.org/history/kpk-historical-overview/

history of panjab pakistan

Punjab Province

Punjab literally means the land of 5 rivers term refers to the 5 rivers flowing thru the region. Due to its rivers Punjab is the most fertile and most populated province of Pakistan. People speak Punjabi here and have many colorful traditions.

Punjab is considered most developed, populous, and prosperous province of Pakistan having about 60% of the country's total population living in it. 

Historically, the Punjab region has been part of Sindu Sapta the term meaning (7 Rivers) but in the course of time southern Sindh was shrieked to a small province and Punjab became a larger and more prosperous region of the area.

The word Punjab was introduced by the by the Mughals in the 17th Century AD. It is a combination of the Persian words panj (five) and āb (water), thus the (land of) five rivers. The five rivers which flow thru Punjab are the tributaries of the Indus River namely Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej and Sindhu river itself.

In the Rigveda, the sacred text of Vedism, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers, whilst the later Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers. The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia."

Most of Pakistanis outside Pakistan come from this province.

Geography

Punjab of Pakistan has an area of 205,344 km2 (79,284 sq mi) it is the 2nd largest province after Balochistan and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South Asia. The province is bordered by Azad Kashmir to the north-east, the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east, the province of Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory to the north.

The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the India during the Moghul times. Other important cities of Punjab include Gujrat, Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi.

Punjab is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while in the southern belt deserts of Cholistan is a bare land. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north. The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.

http://www.travel-culture.com/pakistan/punjab.shtml

shah bandar :Beach in homeless families sindh 2015

A sindhi person engaged in  mat

Seaside mad house 

Beach in homeless families

Sindhi woman engaged in a mat

Arif Memon

sindhi historical woman marvi ..malir sindh

Cloth -making equipment

marvi is mud house

marvi mad house 

marvi dress 

picture story of sindh famous palm in khairpur

palm dry in the ground.. khairpur sindh

palm dry in the ground ..khairpur sindh 

palm dry in the ground ..khairpur sindh 

soft palm 

palm to coke 

palm tree 

interview taj bloch sindhi poet

history of chokandi sindh

history of sindh culture matka dance

history of rani fort sindh

history of jecobAbad general jonjecob

sofi sachal sarmast history ....

Water situation in Sindh interview by Arif memon

history of shikar pur sindh

sindhi historical person sir shah nawaz bhutto

history of makran balochistan

Makrani Culture

Posted by: HistoryPak

In Pakistan the Makrani people are mostly found in Balochistan in the Makran Coast and in lower Sindh mainly in the Lyari area which comes under Karachi. The Makrani people are also known as Sheedis because of their physical appearance.

 

Background

It is believed that they belong to East Africa and came to this part of world between 1200 AD and 1900 AD. The first person of this tribe came to India in 628 AD and several others came in 712 AD when Islam came in the subcontinent. Historians says this tribe have been soldier with Muhammad bin Qasim’s army and were known as Zanjis. Their arrival to this part of world as increased in 17^th century when Portuguese sold them to local princes. They are divided into four tribes Kharadar Makan, Hyderabad Makan, Lassi Makan and Melaro Makan. They follow Pir Mangho as their saint.

Language

Their language is Makrani, Makrani is languages that is mixture of Balochi and Sindhi and have most of its dialogues are similar to Urdu and some of the phases are very similar to African language.

Religion

Most of the Makranies belongs to Islam and follow the Barelvi School of though. Pir Mangho is followed as the saint of Makranies and they also have an annual festival know as Sheedi Mela, in this festival they visit Mangho Pir and play music and dance.

Marriages

Makranies mostly have intermarried with the people of their own tribe; they marry mostly with the fisher people, labours dyeing and cloth Makers. On their marriage they organise special functions in which the sing, dance and celebrate the event many days before the actual marriage ceremony.

Music

Music is a major component of Makrani culture. In 1970 and 1990 Lyari produced its own music knows as “Lyari Disco”. The musical beats, song and dances are similar to Africa. Music is not just use for entertainment but it also comes in their faith. In 1980 Dimly-lit a small recording studio was established in Lyari where young men and women recorded music. The song “Bija Teer Bija” recorded in Lyari Disco was used in PPP electoral campaign during 1988. Younis Jani is a popluar singer of modern word who belongs to Makran and his songs are very famous now days.

 

Sports

Football is the one of the most famous sport among them especially in Layri and Pakistan Football team have players from Layri. Layri is also known as mini Brazil because they love Brazil football team like their own team.  After football boxing is the next most famous sport and Layri have produced many international boxers, these boxes also won Gold Medal in Olympic. The Donkey Race is also a famous sport, it start from Layri and ends at Galifton Karachi.

 

Climate

The Makrani region that comes under Balochistan is mountainous; there are three main ranges, the Makran Coast Range, the Centeak Makran Range and Siahan Range. The weather is too in this area; Turbat is dry and moderate in winter but hot in summer on the other hand Panjgur region is cold in winter and moderate hot in summer. Much of the region is mountainous. There are no rivers so agriculture relies on springs rains and underground watercourses. The Makrani that lives in lower Sindh face a bit different scenario the climate is neither too hot nor to cold.

Factors of Production

Makranies that lives in lower Sindh are mostly doing the fishing business. They have the largest labour force employed at the Karachi port and harbour. Lyari is the only area in Karachi that hardly gained any benefit from the industrial and economic growth that took place between 1950 and 1980.  As there are no river so there are no crops but Dates, coconuts, bananas, grains and pulses are important crops. The development of the new port at Gwadar is currently driving the local economy.

Rituals

The thing that is common in Makran and African culture that they still respect crocodiles and worship them. They keep crocodiles and feed them on the regular basis. Historian says the area was known as “Crocola” that means worship of crocodiles.

 

Heroes

This area of the Pakistan has produced many heroes for this land. Hoshu Sheedi was an army leader of Talpur Army and fought with British army and died in the defence of his land. Noon Meem Danish is a famous Urdu language poet that belongs to this part of the word. As boxing is famous sport and many Olympians boxers belongs to this area such as Mehrullah Lassi and Abdul Rasheed Baloch.  Ali Nawaz Baloch is a big name in the football history of Pakistan.

 

Politics

In 18^th century this part fell under the Khans of Kalat control. In 19^th century British had very little control over it. Since 1970 to 2008 elections Lyari has been an unbending state for Pakistan People Part (PPP). Z.A Bhutto’s manifesto has won the hearts of these people and from that manifesto they became loyal to PPP and after the hanged death of Z.A Bhutto they recorded lot of protests against Zia regime. Many of the Lyari people were jailed due to their support to Murtaza Bhutto. They also welcomed Benazir Bhutto with a large really on her return to Pakistan in 1986. Asif Ali Zardari and Benazir Bhutto marriage also took place in Lyari. Now many other political parties have opened their offices but still PPP is the strong party, so Layari has a major contribution in the politics of Pakistan.

Street Crimes

This area is also known for its streets crime. Every day some target killing and other incidents takes place. Mostly these activities are back up by political parties. The story began in 1960 when first time a gangster Kala Nag came in this area and started business of hashish and snatching. He gave birth to the other gangster groups later with the arrival of weapons they became more dangerous and political parties start using these groups for their personal motives.

http://historypak.com/makrani-culture/